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Enactment effect
The enactment effect, also called self-performed task effect (SPT effect) 〔Cohen, RL (1981) "On the generality of some memory laws". ''Scandinavian Journal of Psychology'', 22:267-281.〕 is a term that was created in the early 80's to describe the fact that verb phrases are memorized better if a learner performs the described action during learning, compared to just getting the verbal information or seeing someone else perform the action.〔Engelkamp, Johannes & Krumnacker, Horst (1980). „Imaginale und motorische Prozesse beim Behalten verbalen Materials". ''Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie'' 27: 511-533.〕 The use of gestures improves the quantity of phrases that can be recalled, the phrases can be recalled for a longer amount of time, and they can be accessed easier. Knowing that enacting improves memory performance can be useful in education and treatment of patients with memory disorders.〔Macedonia, Manuela & von Kriegstein, Katharina (2012) . „Gestures Enhance Foreign Language Learning”. Biolinguistics 6(3-4): 393-416.〕
==Studies showing the enactment effect==
In their study, Engelkamp and Krumnacker (1980) gave participants verbal phrases like “brush the teeth” or "shuffle the cards". In a recognition task and a free recall task, the memory of participants was tested under four learning conditions: one group performed the action, a second group was supposed to imagine the action, the third group watched someone perform the action, and the last group just heard the phrases. The group that had enacted the gestures performed best in both tasks.〔
Around the same time, Cohen examined recall capacity of verbal phrases in participants under three conditions: one group performed the action on a concrete object, a second group saw the experimenter perform the action on an object, and a third group only got verbal instructions. The self-performed task led to the best results, supporting the claim that the enactment effect exists.〔
Since then, the effect has been reduplicated in many studies. Recall after enactment tasks was shown to be superior to recall after verbal tasks in children as well as in adults.〔Saltz, Eli & Sizanne Donnenwerth-Nolan (1981) "Does Motoric Imagery Facilitate Memory for Sentences? A Selective Interference Test". ''JOURNAL OF VERBAL LEARNING AND VERBAL BEHAVIOR'' 20:322-332.〕 Furthermore, the enactment effect is existent in elderly people and people with moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type.〔Hutton, S., Sheppard, L., Rusted, J.M., & H.H., Ratner(1996) "Structuring and Retrieval Environment to Facilitate Learning in Individuals with Dementia of the Alzheimer Type". ''MEMORY'' 4(2):113-130.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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